Consisting of a totality; concerning a group or collective. Public can be used on its own to refer to a broadly conceived conviction by a group of people (e.g. “public opinion”), or an audience (“the general public”). While public spaces may call to mind fountains, benches, or monuments, they are also socially constructed, and therefore subject to unspoken rules and regulations guided by social norms and expectations (see Furnishing Positions, Door-to-Door, How Far Afield, Projects: Port Credit). The notion of public space is further complicated by questions of access and surveillance—although public spaces are theoretically open to everyone, they often follow “defensive design” tactics to manage and restrict their use: limiting access to daytime hours, locking gates, separating benches with armrests, or puncturing flat surfaces with spikes.