Exile: Forced or voluntary displacement from one’s home or nation. Historically used as a form of punishment, exile most often refers to the widespread effects of geographic displacement and loss (see also diaspora). Beyond its physical implications, exile is an affective and psychological state resulting from geopolitical conflict (such as colonialism or border enforcement; see Nazzal and Kurd on the forced exile from Palestinian homelands). In Chak’s illustrations, exile is seen to be a liminal state resulting from prolonged barriers to citizenship (see also status).